Love and Beauty - 1208 Words

Love is neither wise nor beautiful, but the desire or pursuit of wisdom and beauty. Love is expressed via propagation and reproduction, as in the exchange and development of ideas. Socrates in the Symposium best expresses this belief. Socrates view of Love and Beauty was that one is the pursuit of the other, and that other is the greatest of all knowledge. Love is a driving force, a compulsion forward to a goal. Much as a moth is drawn to light, for its heat, people are lured to Beauty by Love. Love is an emotion, and like all emotions, we are compelled to an action by it. As Anger might drive us to violence, against that which is hated, Love does lead us to adore that which is Beauty. Love has many forms as well. There is physical†¦show more content†¦Men pregnant in this way Ââ€" poets, inventive craftsmen and the life Ââ€" look for persons who are beautiful, and taking the education of these in hand, at once find much to say on excellence and on how mean ought to live. In addition, the produce writings, legal institutions and other things of the kind; and many of them become famous, as did Solon, for their works and other forms of excellence.(White, 150) White confirms this point: That Love seeks immortality through reproduction, of both a physical, and of an ideological nature. In Symposium, Socrates engages in a debate with his fellow intellectuals on the topic of Love and Beauty. Socrates and Plato s view, that of Love being the spirit of pursuing Beauty and things beautiful does not stand alone in this text. Socrates counterparts argue in favor of a more traditional view of Love held by Greek culture. The dialogue records the brilliant conversation at a dinner party at which Socrates is a guest. Those who speak before Socrates mainly share what Jeffrey Henderson refers to as the typical Greek tendency to glorify the instinct of sex rather than its particular objects (The Maculate Muse, [New Haven, 1975], 205). For them, love (Eros) is a god whose beauty and goodness they compete with one another in praising. Even Pausanias, who takes care to distinguish noble from base love, claims that it is always honorable toShow MoreRelatedThe Essence Of The Beauty Of Love1094 Words   |  5 Pages Running Into Love at Unexpected Times Many people find themselves hypnotized whenever they stumble into live at unexpected times. Indeed love is one of the most spontaneous phenomena ever. One just never knows when it strikes, or even stops. Some analysts say that this is the essence of the beauty of love. While this is a widely debatable stance, you can at least learn how to respond to the spontaneity so you are not caught unawares; forewarned is foretold. I’m one of those spontaneous and unpredictableRead MoreAphrodite : The Goddess Of Love And Beauty Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 112-01 Paper 1 Art Work: Aphrodite: The Goddess of Love and Beauty Aphrodite The most beautiful of all the goddesses was Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. She was often called the sea-born goddess (Ancient History Encyclopedia). Aphrodite was the kindest and gentlest of the goddesses (Myth of Aphrodite, the Goddess of Beauty). The Greeks did not pray to her for power, as they did to Zeus, instead they prayed to her for love and kindness. She was also known as the most unfaithfulRead More Love in The Beauty and the Beast and Shrek Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesLove in The Beauty and the Beast and Shrek Love is a common theme not only in the entertainment industry, but as well as in life. Love sells, and people in the movie industries understand this and gain from the profit. Movies often portray love between two people who are both beautiful, and not always the best person they can be on the inside. In Disney’s The Beauty and the Beast and Dreamworks’ Shrek not only do they have two people fall in love, but also they show how love is blindRead MoreThe Beauty Of Love In Shakespeares Sonnet 1161112 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Sonnet 116†. Both poems, written by William Shakespeare, revolve around the theme of love. â€Å"Sonnet 130†, compares the imperfect physical attributes of the speaker’s mistress in essence of his extraordinary love for her. â€Å"Sonnet 116†, expresses the speaker’s idea of infinite and genuine love through defining what love is and is not. Throughout both compositions, William Shakespeare communicates the beauty of love through the use of imagery, symbolism, and figure of speech to convey its overall themeRead MoreLove And The Beauty Of Summer By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Shall I compare Thee to A Summer’s Day†, William Shakespeare compares his love interest to the beauty of summer. â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer’s Day†, is a Shakespearean Sonnet. The poem is written in iambic pentameter, a rhyme scheme where each line consists of ten syllables that are divided into five pairs called iambs. An iamb is a metrical unit made up of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Common in many of Shakespeare’s poems, the iambic pentameter gives the poemRead MoreThe Bluest Eye - in Search of Beauty and Love Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, depicts characters desperately seeking to attain love through a predetermined standard of beauty established and substantiated by soc iety. Morrison intertwines the histories of several characters portraying the delusions of the ‘perfect’ family and what motivates their quest for love and beauty. Ultimately, this pursuit for love and beauty has overwhelming effects on their relationships and their identity. Pecola Breedlove is young black girl who believes sheRead MoreSearch For Absolute And Infinite Truth Within The Realms And Extensions Of Love And Beauty Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesIn search for absolute and infinite truth within the realms and extensions of love and beauty, Augustine stumbles upon various belief systems during his pursuit of full faith. Confessions provides an autobiographical depiction of the struggles Augustine faces, and arranges a mode in which he can self-reflect and search his soul for the true origins and realities of his destined belief. Dispersion of scripture within each book shows his passionate belief that God was with and within him at all pointsRead MoreThe Goddess of Love, Desire, and Beauty, Aphrodite, was Worshipped by Ancient Greece for Many More Reason692 Words   |  3 PagesToday we look at Aphrodite as a goddess of love, desire, and beauty, but in ancient Greece she was an Olympian who was worshipped on many other occasions for a great ar ray of reasons. Her powers carried weight in the many realms of love, protection, desire, and even war. Aphrodite was said to be born of the sea from the severed genitals of Ouranos. While the myth says she washed upon the shores of Cyprus in the foam of the ocean, her actual origins are more unclear. She does not seem to be nativeRead MoreComparing the Themes of Love in Lord Byrons â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† and Keats Poem, â€Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci†935 Words   |  4 Pagesthat of the universal theme of love. This theme can be developed throughout a poem through an authors use of form and content. â€Å"She Walks in Beauty,† by George Gordon, Lord Byron, is a poem that contains an intriguing form with captivating content. Lord Byron, a nineteenth-century poet, writes this poem through the use of similes and metaphors to describe a beautiful woman. His patterns and rhyme scheme enthrall the reader into the poem. Another poem with the theme of love is John Keats â€Å"La Belle DameRead More Beauty and the Beast1639 Words   |  7 PagesWhat pops into your m ind when you hear the word ‘love?’ Do you think of a person who loved you or someone you’ve admired? We, as human beings, are made to love. We even distinguish love as family, romantic, and selfless love: also known as, storge, eros, and agape. As much as we desire to love others, we hold high values of being loved by others. Humanity’s great appreciation towards love is so great, it is even portrayed in fairy tales. Little Mermaid is a story about a mermaid who exchanges her

Business Ethics - 6288 Words

CSR RELATED DOCUMETNS: http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=documentary.htm Supersize me (McDonalds): http://freedocumentaries.org/film.php?id=98 The film documents this lifestyle s drastic effects on Spurlock s physical and psychological well-being, and explores the fast food industry s corporate influence, including how it encourages poor nutrition for its own profit. The reason for Spurlock s investigation was the increasing spread of obesity throughout U.S. society, which the Surgeon General has declared epidemic, and the corresponding lawsuit brought against McDonald s on behalf of two overweight girls, who, it was alleged, became obese as a result of eating McDonald s food [Pelman v. McDonald s Corp., 237 F.†¦show more content†¦One theme is its assessment as a personality, as a result of an 1886 case in the United States Supreme Court in which a statement by Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite[nb 1] led to corporations as persons having the same rights as human beings, based on the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The film s assessment is effected via the diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV; Robert Hare, a University of British Columbia psychology professor and a consultant to the FBI, compares the profile of the contemporary profitable business corporation to that of a clinically-diagnosed psychopath. The documentar y concentrates mostly upon North American corporations, especially those of the United States. The film is in vignettes examining and criticizing corporate business practices. It establishes parallels between the way corporations are systematically compelled to behave and the DSM-IV s symptoms of psychopathy, i.e. callous disregard for the feelings of other people, the incapacity to maintain human relationships, reckless disregard for the safety of others, deceitfulness (continual lying to deceive for profit), the incapacity to experience guilt, and the failure to conform to social norms and respect for the law. [edit] Topics addressed Topics addressed includeShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. Some people believe that the decisions businesses make in interest of the business has no place in ethics and that they are essentially amoral. These businesses believe that their main objective is to simply make a profit and that it does not affect the success of the business. Whereas some businesses believe that they have to take ethics into consideration, in order for their business to be a success. Richard T. De George (1999) states that ethics and business do notRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1471 Words   |  6 PagesReview Nowadays, the concern for business ethics is growing rapidly in the business community around the world. Business ethics are focused on the judgment of decisions taken by managers and their behaviors. The issue regarding these judgments is the norms and cultures that shape these judgments. Business ethics are concerned about the issue, how will the issue be solved and how will it move ahead along the transition analysis as well (Carroll, 2014). Business ethics can be addressed at differentRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. When we here the term Business Ethics in our work place, we usually do not take it seriously and brush it off saying ‘it’s just a simple set of basic rules like not cheating and so on’. ThisRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesResource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger human context. Thirdly, being unethical ca n tarnish the publicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 Pages　　　　Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviourRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics757 Words   |  4 Pagesdeciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way that is good, or right. Those involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor business ethics prove differently. Poor busine ss ethics include bribery, corporate accounting scandalsRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1200 Words   |  5 PagesEthics meaning in simple way for average person is what is right from wrong. According to Chris MacDonald (2010)† Ethics† can be defined as the critical, structured examinations of how we should behave - in particular, how we should constrain the pursuit of self-interest when our actions affect others. â€Å"Business ethics is the applied ethics discipline that address the moral features of commercial activity (Business ethics, 2008).Working in ethical way in business has a lot of benefits which can attractRead MoreBusiness Ethics Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Business Ethics Unit 37: National Diploma Assignment brief TASK 1: Scenario: Business ethics - a study of a selected company With growing interest among consumers regarding the business ethics of the businesses brands that consumers buy, Westminster council wants to conduct an independent review of some of the organisations that sell their goods and services in the borough. You have been asked to select one of the following brands and conduct research into their business ethics. 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Adhd Free Essays

string(296) " psychologists due to problems of availability and accessibility of psychiatrist specializing in ADHD in the Negros Oriental Province where the subjects are to be taken and also, considering that most of the participants cannot afford to seek a psychiatrist’s consultation for final diagnosis\." CHAPTER ONE PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM Introduction Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders with a prevalence rate of 3 to 5 percent of school-aged children (Worley Wolraich 2005, p. 1571). The ADHD society of the Philippines, a young and dynamic organization committed to create a loving, understanding and supportive environment for children, adolescents and adults with this disorder has been vigorously pursuing a nationwide awareness campaign on the disorder since its formal organization in 2001. We will write a custom essay sample on Adhd or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to their 2006 study, ADHD is said to have 4 percent incidence (more than 3 million) in the total Philippine population (ADHD Society of the Philippines, 2006). Children with ADHD have boundless energy; they exhibit excessive levels of activity such as restlessness, and fidgeting. They have been described as â€Å"perpetual motion machines†- continuously running, jumping, wiggling, or squirming. They experience a greater than average number of accidents, from minor mishaps to more serious incidents that may lead to physical injury or destruction of property. The etiology of ADHD is unknown, but studies have suggested an interaction among psychosocial and biologic factors. The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- IV Text Revision (DSM-IV TR) is a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association. ADHD refers its diagnosis to this tool having met at least six of the criteria under inattention (poorly sustained attention or persistence of effort or task), impulsivity (the inability to stop and think before acting), or hyperactivity (the display of excessive movement not required to complete a task (Townsend, 2008). Handling ADHD children requires a great amount of patience and dedication considering the characteristics of the disorder. Parents would often label the child to be â€Å"out of control† and have difficulties in dealing with these behaviors. Parents may report largely unsuccessful ttempts to discipline and/or control their child (Videbeck, 2008). Having a child with ADHD affects the functioning of the family, contributing increasing stress levels to its primary caregivers. Researches support the idea that the behavior of the child with ADHD can result to increasing parenting stress (Baker, 1994; Harpin, 2004; Strahm, 2008). Research with families with children who have this disorder indicates that these parents report high levels of stress and are more commanding and negative in their parenting style than parents of children without ADHD. Parents of these children tend to report more marital problems, higher rates of psychiatric illness, and lower self-esteem than parents of children without ADHD (Ryan McDougall, 2009). Some researches focus on maternal parenting since mothers are primarily the ones giving direct care to these children and, thus, are also the ones who get more affected by the parenting stress. A research on mothers having children with the disorder revealed parenting to be stressful and demanding (Peters Jackson, 2008). Wallace (2005) study on the perception of mothers having sons with ADHD resulted to extreme difficulties, as well as, their untiring efforts to help their child be accepted in their social and educational community. In view of the difficulties experienced by mothers involved with these children, it is clear that there is a need for more researches to be conducted. This study on the phenomenological approach had enable the researchers to explore the total feelings and experiences of mothers with ADHD children and retrieve significant information on pressing concerns inherent to the individuals. The results of the study will help increase the awareness of the society and the government on the situation’s need for support, not just to the child itself but also to the mothers caring for them as well. Background of the Study Before the conceptualization of this study, the researchers – who are primarily student nurses – were exposed to Psychiatric Health Nursing Rotation. Through this experience, the researchers were provided a learning opportunity of the different psychiatric conditions, among which are childhood disorders. The researchers have particularly given special attention to one type of childhood disorder – the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, more commonly known as ADHD. Having enough knowledge on these disorders stimulated the curiosity of the researchers on how parents rear children with ADHD. According to Peters Jackson (2008), mothers are primarily the ones giving direct care to their children and, thus, are also the ones who get more affected by the parenting stress. This study is then based predominantly on the lived experience of mothers as caregivers of children exhibiting ADHD manifestations. Furthermore, considering the physical, mental and emotional stresses brought of having a child manifesting these disruptive and intrusive behaviours, concerns on the totality of experiences and feelings of mothers taking care of children with ADHD had come up to setting the study –what is it like to be a mother with a child/children having ADHD? What do they think or how do they feel when they take care of children with this disorder? These are some of the questions that this research study is intended to answer. At the same time, this study will help the researchers understand and appreciate the experiences of the mothers as they raise their children with ADHD manifestations. Through this descriptive phenomenological study careful descriptions of the total experiences of the said mothers are emphasized, thus, allowing nurses to care for the totality of the human person when they take into consideration aspects of being, such as lived experiences offered by qualitative approach which quantitative methods cannot fully describe. Definition of Terms †¢ Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – a disorder most common in children characterized by developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity displayed across situations and cause impairment in social, academic, and/or family functioning. †¢ Pre-diagnosed/ children with ADHD-like manifestations – children with ADHD manifestations critically determined by psychologists using the DSM-IV Criteria. Note: In this study, â€Å"child/children with ADHD† (which is mostly sed in succeeding pages) will have similar meaning with â€Å"child/children with ADHD-like manifestations† as defined. Such phrase is utilized in the course of this study to clearly emphasize that the children involved are only critically determined by psychologists due to problems of availability and accessibility of psychiatrist specializing in ADHD in the Negros Oriental Province where the subjects are to be taken a nd also, considering that most of the participants cannot afford to seek a psychiatrist’s consultation for final diagnosis. You read "Adhd" in category "Essay examples" Mother – single or with a partner, of a child/children with ADHD-like manifestations †¢ Lived experience – the totality of all events that happened or occurred in someone’s life in specific situations. Statement of the Problem Children with ADHD are usually characterized as having excessive activity and difficulty in paying attention (Stuart Laraia, 2005, p. 739). These children are highly distractible and unable to contain stimuli. Motor activity is excessive and movements are random and impulsive. These children have difficulty forming satisfactory interpersonal relationships (Townsend, 2008). Parenting a child, any child, is a difficult task to begin with. When you have a child with ADHD, you are parenting a child who has greater demands, needs more attention and requires greater patience and understanding. Parents, caregivers or sibling of children with ADHD are not exempted from feelings of frustrations, guilt, and perhaps, anger (Videbeck, 2004). This research aims to identify phenomenological themes of the experiences of mothers whose children have ADHD and specifically answer the following questions: ) What is the lived experience of mothers raising children with ADHD in terms of phenomenological themes? 2) What are the essential meanings that could be drawn from the lived experiences of these mothers? 3) What are the implications of the lived experience of these mothers to the nursing profession? 4) What recommendations may be proposed to assist mothers in caring for ADHD children? 5) What are the contextual factors that influence the mothers’ lived experienc es of having a child with ADHD? 6) What are strategies that mothers utilize to deal with their ADHD children? Purpose of the Study This study seeks to qualitatively investigate lived experiences of mothers taking care of a child with ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, a childhood disorder wherein parents find themselves chronically exhausted mentally and physically (Videbeck, 2004). This research aims to discover the totality of feelings from the experiences of the mothers taking care of a child with ADHD. Moreover, this study is intended to explain and apply Husserl’s contemporary descriptive phenomenology as the tradition used in this phenomenological inquiry. The study aims to: (1) elucidate the nature of the lived experiences of mothers of children with ADHD, (2) explore the essential meaning of their lived experiences, and (3) generate phenomenological themes combined from the essential meanings. Significance of the Study To Nursing Clientele. When nurses work with children, it is necessary to work with their families and understand their needs also (Peate Whiting, 2006). It is not only the individual child or young person who suffers from the negative impact of ADHD. Parents and caregivers, brothers and sisters, friends and teachers are also affected. Gaining subjective experiences of living with ADHD may lead to improved assessments and better treatment outcomes for all family members affected by this disorder (Ryan McDougall, 2009). The study puts emphasis on the importance of expressing the totality of feelings of these persons to gain understanding on their situation. The family, most especially the primary caregiver – who is usually the mother – should be taken into account. Knowing what it is like to rear a child with ADHD and identifying phenomenological themes give nurses the understanding and a clearer view of the needs of the mother in order to give uality, holistic care to the mother herself, her child and her family as a whole. To Nursing Practice. Nurses should consider the wider family impacts as part of their assessment and management strategies. This may sometimes require a formal assessment of family needs focusing on personal, social, mental health needs and liaison with other professionals will he lp ensure that families receive the support they require. (Ryan McDougall, 2009, p100). The results of this study would help us understand mothers’ experiences, on what they feel and how they deal with the situation of having children with ADHD. Awareness of the results would increase the nurses’ sensitivity and empathy as they therapeutically communicate with mothers having ADHD children. To Nursing Education. Qualitative research has direct relevance to nursing practice in that they move to uncover life processes. (Polit Beck, 2008). Knowledge of the process increases understanding of the totality of experiences of mothers having ADHD children. This would provide us information and understanding, in which, would help enhance the quality of nursing care. The result of this study would create a much wider range of knowledge base to augment adaptation of mothers in the care of their child with ADHD. To the Nursing Research. Nurses in practice cannot be effective if they do not understand the patient’s viewpoint. It is evident that some aspects of knowledge of care have been significantly advanced by qualitative research, especially suited to beliefs about health and illness, attitudes and behaviours. It is also relevant that qualitative research is especially suited to when little is known about a subject. As nursing is a constantly changing profession, there are certainly many aspects that affect care about which relatively little is known (Hall, 2006). Research findings from studies provide strong evidences as to which nurses could base their decisions and actions when it comes to giving of quality care for their patients and the significant others (Polit Beck, 2008). This will serve as supplementary knowledge, along with other related studies, to guide future researches that would want to replicate this study to attain generalizability. Together, the results of this study would increase the awareness of nurses and other health care givers to formulate actions to provide support to these mothers having children with ADHD. To the Community in General. A community is a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging (Allander Spradley, 1996). People try to live as one to thrive and survive with its diversity and complexity. Each member is vital to the well-being of the whole. With the information garnered from this study, the community shall be able to witness the lived experience of the mothers having children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Through this study, it will raise awareness regarding the needs of these mothers. This would improve the community’s understanding and acceptance regarding their situation, and would encourage the community’s private or public sectors to implement programs which aim to build support for these mothers to at least lessen their burden in taking care of a child with ADHD. Scope and Delimitation This is a qualitative study that targets on one of the receptive and susceptible sectors of our society – the mothers. This narrowly comprises on mothers who have particular experience raising and living with children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD. This study aims to identify phenomenological themes of the experiences of mothers whose children have ADHD particularly to explore and understand the mothers’ feelings, experiences, and ways of coping with the behavioral manifestations of children with ADHD. The descriptive phenomenological theory of Edmund Husserl served as the study’s main tool in the investigation of this research study. Data gathering was conducted in Negros Oriental within four months, from October 2010 to January 2011 at any equally convenient time for the researchers and the participants. This study considered certain parameters yet still taking utmost consideration on the richness of the data being collected. The researchers have set the following inclusion criteria for limiting the participants: 1. Must be residents of Negros Oriental. 2. Must be willing to participate in the study. 3. Must be of sound-mind. 4. Must be able to articulate and express their feelings and experiences. 5. Must be able to understand and speak Cebuano or English language. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as characterized by the American Psychiatric Association (2000), is a constant and unrelenting behavior of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more than expected of individuals at the same developmental level. Not all individuals present the same symptoms of ADHD; some display one predominant pattern over the other. As stated in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (2000), there are three subtypes of ADHD which are the following: â€Å"Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Combined Type: this is used when, during at least six months’ time, six (or more) symptoms of inattention and six (or more) symptoms hyperactivity-impulsivity are observed. † â€Å"Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Predominantly Inattentive Type: this is used when, during at least six months’ time, six (or more) symptoms of inattention are present but show fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. â€Å"Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: this is used when, during at least six months’ time, six (or more) symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present but show fewer than six symptoms of inattention. † DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD (APA, 2000) A. Either (1) or (2): (1) s ix (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. Inattention a) often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities (b) often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities (c) often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly (d) often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions) (e) often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities (f) often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework) (g) often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e. g . , toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools) (h) is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (i) is often forg etful in daily activities 2) six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level. Hyperactivity (a) often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat (b) often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected (c) often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness) (d) often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly (e) is often â€Å"on the go or often acts as if driven by a motor† (f) often talks excessively Impulsivity g) often blurts out answers before questions have been completed (h) often has difficulty awaiting turn (i) often interrupts or intrudes on others (e. g. , butts into conversations or games) B. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impair ment were present before seven years old. C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e. g. , school ,work, home). D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e. g. Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Disorder or a Personality Disorder). Code based on type: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type: if both Criteria A1 and A2 are met for the past 6 months. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type: if Criterion A1 is met but Criterion A2 is not met for the past 6 months. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if Criterion A2 is met but Criterion A1 is not met for the past 6 months. In cidence and Prevalence Estimates in the world population reveal that ADHD is prevalent in three to seven percent of school age children with results differing on the sample population and method used. ADHD is more common in males compared to females. Depending on the setting and type of ADHD, the male-to-female ratio ranges from 2:1 to 9:1. According to the data found in the website of the ADHD Society of the Philippines (http://www. adhdsociety. org), a 2006 study indicated a four-percent incidence of ADHD (more than 3 million) in the total Philippine population. According to Videbeck (2008), ADHD was believed to be outgrown, but recently, studies show that it can be carried on into adulthood. It is estimated that two-thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD experience symptoms until they reach adolescence. Etiologic factors Furman (2005, p. 94) states, â€Å"the lack of evidence of an underlying unique genetic, neurologic, psychologic, or biologic pathology and the lack of an identified etiology in ADHD† are one of the many mysteries that researchers are trying to solve. Although the exact cause has not been identified, studies show that ADHD is more common in the first-deg ree biological relatives of diagnosed individuals compared to the general population (APA, 2000). Besides genetics, other factors are associated with ADHD. These factors include abnormal brain structures and level of neurotransmitters, prenatal, prenatal, and postnatal factors including maternal smoking during pregnancy and exposure to toxic substances in utero, environmental factors like elevated degrees of lead in the body, intake of foods high in artificial flavorings, preservatives, and sugar. And lastly, psychosocial factors such as family conflicts, parental discord, high psychosocial stress, and low socioeconomic status all attempt to explain the cause of ADHD (Townsend, 2008). Related Research Studies Mothers’ experiences of parenting a child with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Peters and Jackson (2008) explored the perceptions and experiences of mothers parenting a child with ADHD. Dominant issues were identified such as the caring responsibility being overwhelming, stigma, scrutiny, criticism, guilt, self-blame, and advocacy role of the mother. The study concluded that mothering a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is stressful and demanding, and mothers felt marginalized. The media portraying this disorder contributed to the confusion of the mothers towards this disorder with regard to its causes, diagnosis and treatment. More education is needed in order for them to give appropriate guidance and support to their children with ADHD. The experiences of primary caregivers raising school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study by Lin, et al. (2009) aimed to understand the experiences of primary caregivers who are bringing up school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in order help address the problems related to caring for school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Three themes and seven sub-themes emerged from this study and are the following: the burdens of caring (parenting burdens, emotional burdens and family conflicts), the lack of adequate support systems (lack of support from professionals, spouses and other family members) and the mechanisms of coping (cognitive coping strategies and social coping strategies). The Perceptions of Mothers of Sons with ADHD. Last 2005, a study was conducted by Nancy Wallace that contains the mothers’ own reports of bringing up a son diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and also describes the effects of the behavioural symptoms and how it influences thinking of observers to the cause of the disorder. The results yielded 5 thematic areas namely nuclear families, siblings, extended families, social network, and education system with various experiences by the mothers. Parents’ experience raising a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Strahm (2008) conducted a study in order to measure family functioning and parenting stress with parents raising a child with and without ADHD. Results showed that parents in the ADHD group had significantly lower family functioning in marital and sibling relationships and higher parenting stress compared to the typical group. The findings suggest that although ADHD has a significant impact on family relationships and stress, parents work hard to maintain a positive environment for their children with ADHD. Children’s accounts of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is a qualitative study done by Kendall, et al. (2003) to find out what were the experiences of children and adolescents living with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample consisted of 39 children and adolescents with ADHD who participated in indepth, semistructured interviews. Their experiences were reflected in 6 themes: problems in thinking, behaving, and feeling; meaning and identity; taking pills; the importance of Mom; causes of ADHD; and differences associated with ethnicity or race. â€Å"I Have Always Felt Different†: The Experience of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood. This study by Shatell, et al. (2008) examined the experience of childhood ADHD within the contexts of home, school, and friendships. The sample included 16 college-enrolled young adults (ages 18–25) with a self-reported history of ADHD. Participants revealed feelings of difference, misunderstanding, and struggle in all areas of their lives (home, school, and friendships). Outlasting disruption: the process of reinvestment in families with ADHD children. Kendall (1998) studied about how families with children who have ADHD manage the ongoing and persistent difficulties caused by their children’s ADHD symptoms. At first, it describes the family life as chaotic, conflictual, and exhausting. As parents undergo through several processes in caring for their child, it arrives at its final stage that involves coming to terms with the child’s disability and reinvesting in the â€Å"real† children, family, other children, marriage, and themselves. The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life. Harpin (2005) discussed different effects of ADHD in a child’s life. The impacts mentioned are not only on the child but also on parents and siblings. It provides information on the adverse effects of ADHD upon children and their families as it changes from the preschool years to primary school and adolescence. It also states disruptions to both professional and personal life since ADHD may persist into adulthood. In addition, ADHD has been associated with increased healthcare costs for patients and their family members. With these results, healthcare implications are discussed. Parental beliefs about the nature of ADHD behaviours and their relationship to referral intentions in preschool children. This study by Maniadaki, et al. (2006) compared beliefs of severity, impact and advice seeking of parents whose preschool children present ADHD behaviors with those parents whose children do not display such behaviors. Results showed that almost half of the parents who reported ADHD behaviors in their own child replied that they had never met a child exhibiting such behaviours.. The researchers concluded that parents whose preschool child displays ADHD behaviours tend to perceive them as normal developmental patterns and may suspend the referral of the child. Parenting Stress and ADHD: A Comparison of Mothers and Fathers. Baker (1994) examined the differences between maternal and paternal reports of parenting stress associated with having a child with ADHD. Results showed little difference between maternal and paternal reports of parenting stress in such families. Child behavior, socioeconomic status, and years married contributed more to parenting stress than parent gender. Healthcare Use, Social Burden and Costs of Children With and Without ADHD. In this study conducted by De Ridder and De Graeve (2006), the researchers provided quantitative information on the economic, social and emotional burden borne by families of children with ADHD. Results yielded that the disorder, ADHD, affects schooling, productivity of the parents, and places a psychological and emotional burden on the family. Childhood ADHD also results in a significantly higher use of healthcare with an estimated annual cost that is six times higher compared to the siblings without ADHD. This study concluded that childhood ADHD results in significantly higher use of healthcare and adversely affects academic achievements and parents’ productivity. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Research Design Polit and Beck (2008) believe that qualitative studies uses an emergent design — A design that emerges as researchers make ongoing decisions reflecting what has already been learned. Thus, the design that has been used here is flexible and resilient enough for researchers to be capable of amending what will be learned and will be stopped when data saturation arises during the track of data collection. This study used Husserl’s Descriptive phenomenology which was first developed by Edmund Husserl. This emphasizes descriptions of human experience. This insists on the careful description of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life (Polit and Beck, 2008, . 228). According to Lauer (1965), it is the goal of phenomenology to unravel the secrets they contain — the essence of things. Thus, the phenomenological approach is useful if little is understood about a phenomenon. The researchers used Husserlian phenomenology as a method in gathering data and Colaizzi’s framework was utilized in analyzing the data collected. Numerous steps has been pursued which include techniques of data collection to clarification from the study participants and comparison from the researchers’ descriptive results with their lived experiences to validate results, and significant steps in between. Kozier, et al. (2004, p. 28) stated that the goal of qualitative research is to thoroughly explain and describe a phenomenon. The researchers collected data through in-depth interviews with the participants. The researchers strived to have full access to the participants’ world and had full detail in their lived experience. Inductive method was used to analyze data by identifying themes and patterns to develop a theory or framework that helped explain a phenomenon. Setting of the Study Taking into consideration the location where the researchers are pursuing their chosen academic degree, the area of coverage for the research study is within the area of Negros Oriental. Another rationale for the chosen area of coverage is to make the most of time and efficiency in gathering data making sure the representative group reflects the population. The setting of the study is in Negros Oriental, the Philippines. Negros Oriental is located on the eastern side of the Negros Island in the Central Visayas Region, occupying the southern lobe of the island of Negros. Negros Oriental is in Region VII (Central Visayas Region) grouped together with other Cebuano-Speaking provinces of Cebu, Bohol and Siquijor. It measures 103 miles from the north to south and from the east to west it is 49 miles at its widest, and 8 miles at its narrowest. It is bounded by a chain of rugged mountains from its sister province of Negros Occidental and separated from Cebu by the Tanon Strait. Negros Oriental consists of twenty (20) municipalities, five (5) cities and five hundred fifty-seven (557) barangays. It is also further divided into three (3) legislative districts. The collection of data took place according to the informants’ preference and convenience. In such a way, the informants were able to express their experiences freely and without hesitations. Informants of the Study Inclusion Criteria The participants of the study are mothers taking care of a child with ADHD. The following criteria are taken into consideration when choosing the participants: – Mother of a child with/pre-diagnosed with ADHD – Must be residents of Negros Oriental. – Must be willing to participate in the study. – Must be of sound-mind and able to articulate and express their feelings and experiences. – Must be able to understand and speak Cebuano or English language. Qualitative Sampling A representative sample is needed for qualitative studies to ensure hat measurements accurately reflect to the population (Polit Beck, 2008). With this in mind, a random sample was not the best method of selecting informants who are knowledgeable, reflective, and keen to talk at length with the researchers. As defined by Polit Beck (2008, p. 343), â€Å"Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which the researcher selects the participants based on personal judgment about which ones will be the most informative. † With the use of purposive sampling – that is, selecting cases that would benefit the study most – the researchers would probably acquire the most significant data from the target population. Thus, purposive sampling was used by the researchers. The researchers estimated a total of ten (10) prospect participants of this study but only got to interview eight (8) of them since data saturation was then achieved. Research Tool In the research study, data were collected from the study participant using a semi-structured interview. The semi-structured interview was the primary method of collecting data for the lived experience of mothers directly rearing of a school-age child with ADHD. A semi structured interview is an excellent method of collecting data since it gave the researchers an opportunity to endeavor into the deeper real meaning of lived experience of the mothers of an ADHD child. The researchers used the primary question, â€Å"Pwede nimo masulti kanamo unsa imong kinatibuk-ang experiensya sa pag-akatar sa imong anak nga adunay ADHD? † (Translation: Can you describe to us as fully as you can your experience of taking care of a child with ADHD? ) Method of Data Collection The phenomena in which researchers are interested must ultimately be captured and translated into data that can be analyzed. Without high-quality data collection methods, the accuracy and robustness of the conclusions are subject to challenge. (Polit and Beck, 2008, p. 367) In this chapter, the intricate method of data collection, though loosely structured, is discussed as a salient part of this study. Prior to actual data collection, the researchers foremost obtained a clearance from the Silliman University College of Nursing Human Research Ethics Committee having considered that the study includes human participants. The implementation of the prearranged data collection plan was carried out right after which included pre, actual and post-data collection. Pre-data Collection. With the aim of finding the eligible respondents for the study, the researchers tapped a number of institutions within Negros Oriental which can provide permission and data that would be utilized to approach these possible infomants. In particular, identified institutions include the Great Physician (GP) Rehabilation Foundation and Philippine Mental Health Association (PMHA). After permission from the authority was sought, possible key informants were recognized. Researchers have been guided that they must maintain a high level of trust with participants. With this, the researchers initially built rapport to the informants by introducing themselves and briefly stating the purpose of the study. The issue on confidentially was given emphasis as well. After discussion of significant details of the study, the informants were open to voice out clarifications and questions for them to be addressed properly. Granted that the prospect informants agreed to participate in the study, they were then formally asked to sign the Consent Form. Written in English with corresponding Cebuano vernacular, the consent form precisely discussed the study title, purpose, confidentiality, condition of no-risk involved, and contact information of the primary interviewer. Likewise, the information of the use of audio recorder that would ensure verbatim documentation of client responses was mentioned. The informants were given the opportunity in choosing the location, date, time of interview and type of recording device in their most convenient preference. Ultimately, the researchers and the informants had then mutually agreed on specified meeting details for the interview proper. Data Collection. Interview was the most important tool for gathering data in this research study. With the appropriate materials such as the tape recorder, interview guide and previously signed informed consent form, the researchers went to the location of the interview where the participant was most comfortable to stay since the place where the communication occurs, influences the outcome of the interaction (Townsend, 2008). Getting acquainted and establishing rapport was important before the researchers started the interview with the participant. A short introductory conversation was done to allay the anxiety of the mother and build trust between the researcher and the participant. In addition, proxemics – the way people perceive and use environmental, social and personal space in interactions (Keltner, et al. , 2007, p. 90) – was also taken into consideration. According to Videbeck (2004, p. 113), people feel less comfortable with smaller distances when communicating with strangers. The most appropriate distance which is acceptable for communication in social work and business settings is the social zone, which utilizes a distance of 4-12 feet. Also, the researchers and the participant were positioned in a manner where no barrier, such as a table, is located between the two of them. Through this, the researchers showed sincerity in listening to the interviewee. The researcher then started the interview proper when the primary question was asked. The primary question was: †¢ â€Å"Pwede nimo masulti kanamo unsa imong kinatibuk-ang experiensya sa pag-akatar sa imong anak nga adunay ADHD? † (Can you describe to us as fully as you can your experience of taking care of a child with ADHD? ) Rephrasing of the question was done by the researcher when the participant had difficulty in answering the question. Another questions related to the primary question were asked: †¢ â€Å"Unsa man ang imo mga nahuna-hunaan sa pagpadako nimo sa imong anak nga naay ADHD? † (Can you describe to us your thoughts in taking care of a child with ADHD? †¢ â€Å"Unsa man ang imo mga nabati sa pagpadako nimo sa imong anak nga naay ADHD? † (Can you describe to us your feelings in taking care of a child with ADHD? ) †¢ â€Å"Unsa kaha ang laing mga butang nga naka-apekto o naka-impluwensya sa katibuk-an nimong kaagi sa pagpadako s a imong anak nga adunay ADHD? † (Can you identify factors that could have affected you in taking care of a child with ADHD? ) Before the termination of the interview, the researchers then asked: †¢ â€Å"Sa dili pa nako palungon ning recorder para mahuman ning atong pag-istortyahanay, naa pa ba kay laing ganahang isulti? † (Before I turn off the recorder and terminate this conversation, is there anything else you want to share? This was done so as not to compromise the collection of data considering there are participants that would not want to fully share their experience until the end of the interview. The participant was given as much time to answer the questions to allow her to gather her thoughts and express her feelings fully and honestly. Also, if by chance the mother refused to answer the question(s) asked, the researcher would not insist on it and would respect the participant’s decision. The participant was also assured of her right not to respond. During the whole course of the interview, the researcher ensured the working condition of the recorder and that the entire conversation was recorded. In addition, the interviewer took note of both verbal and nonverbal cues that transpired during the conversation. The same method of interviewing was done to the other participants, using the same question, until data saturation was achieved by the researchers. Post-data collection. This part of data collection incorporated transcription and confirmation of data with the mother and also included debriefing sessions. Interview was done with the mother and the conversation was transcribed per verbatim including verbal and nonverbal cues that the researchers observed. Important points were emphasized, clarified, and referred back to the mother/interviewee. Afterwards, the researcher-interviewer set another session with the mothers for data to be confirmed and another debriefing session. Debriefing session after data collection was completed in order to permit participants to ask questions or air complaints (Polit Beck, 2008, p. 182). After the whole process of data collection had been completed, the respondents were given incentives. The informants were also properly informed that the interview had ended and that they would be given freedom to communicate with the researchers with significance to the study conducted. Analysis of Data Colaizzi’s framework was utilized in the management and organization of the data gathered in this study. Descriptive phenomenology requires a lengthy and rich description of everyday experiences. This is exactly what Colaizzi’s framework allowed – a wealthy influx of valuable data from in-depth interviews with the study participants. The process of gathering, organizing, and analyzing data is outlined by this framework into several steps that also include returning to the study participants, as a final step of validation (Polit Beck, 2008, p. 520). As already mentioned, Colaizzi’s method comprises seven steps: 1. Each research informant’s verbatim transcript is read to acquire a sense of the whole; 2. Significant statements and phrases pertaining to the phenomenon being studied are extracted from each transcript; 3. Meanings are formulated from the significant statements; 4. Meanings are organized into themes, and these themes evolve into theme clusters, and eventually into theme categories; 5. These results are integrated into a rich and exhaustive description of the lived experience; 6. The essential structure of the phenomenon is formulated; and 7. Validation is sought from the research informants to compare the researcher’s descriptive results with their lived experiences. If necessary, the researcher’s description is modified to achieve congruence with the lived experience of the research informants. The researchers gathered data with the use of audio recording as a means of accurate and convenient way of documentation. Documentation included verbatim responses or verbal cues which the respondents articulated during interview. As soon as the interview was over, the researchers listened to the tape-recorded interviews/conversation and checked for its audibility and completeness as suggested by Polit and Beck (2008, p. 386). Thereafter such, the data were then transcribed for analysis. Interviews were transcribed verbatim from the audiotape by the researchers. The data were then copied directly to a word processing package that is compliant with the researchers’ computers and/or laptops. (Drury, 2001) Each transcription, called a â€Å"protocol† (Colaizzi, 1978), was read several times, as the audiotape of the interview was replayed, to gain a sense of total content. This was particularly emphasized in the first step of Colaizzi’s method, to acquire a sense of the whole. Extracting significant statements from the protocols: Significant statements and phrases pertaining to the phenomenon being studied, the lived experience of mothers rearing a child with ADHD, were extracted from each protocol and coded. Formulating meanings from the significant statements: Next, the underlying meaning of each statement was written. This step â€Å"moves from what the participants said to what they meant† (Forrest, 1989). Transcendence or going beyond to what one experiences is important to form formalized meanings. It involves the researchers being cognizant of contextual factors that modify the meanings of verbatim transcription of the interview. The research informants’ use of sarcasm, jargon, economy of phrase and the expression of strong emotion can alter the meaning of the verbatim transcriptions. (Drury, 2001) This step is a â€Å"precarious leap† (Colaizzi, 1978), and the researchers had undertaken the following check to ensure that they remained true to the data: The underlining meaning of each significant statement, called a formulated meaning, was coded with the same symbol as the significant statement from which it was derived. Another research member then independently read each significant statement while listening to a copy of the audiotape and, referring to a hard copy of the transcribed interview protocol, wrote the formulated meaning for each significant statement. The researchers then compared their notes, discussed any discrepancies, and made adjustments when necessary. Next, the coded formulated meanings from all of the interviews were combined. (Drury, 2001) Organizing formulated meanings into themes: â€Å"The next step in the data analysis is to form clusters of themes that are common to the protocols. The formulated meanings will be sorted into groups that represent specific themes† (Coward, 1989). Each theme was coded and each formulated meaning that was formed part of a particular theme was listed beneath it. (Drury, 2001) Organizing coded themes into theme clusters: The next step in the analysis of data was to organize similar coded themes into theme clusters. At some point, the researchers decided that no further collapsing of the data was appropriate, as to do so would lose richness that was contained in the data. Drury, 2001) Writing an exhaustive description of the phenomenon being studied: The next step in the analysis of data was to produce an exhaustive description of the phenomenon being studied from the theme categories. According to Patton (1990), an exhaustive description goes beyond mere fact or surface appearanc e, but stops short of becoming â€Å"trivial and mundane. † An exhaustive description should communicate the â€Å"voices, feelings, actions, and meanings† of the interacting individuals. A final validation was undertaken by returning to the research informants and asking them if the researchers’ description validated their own experiences. If the results were not congruent to what the participants wanted to imply, the participants have the freedom to modify the rich description and the researchers were responsible to gather and analyze the data rigorously until the resulting essences would be amenable to the informants’ experiences. This was an important undertaking as related to the last step of Colaizzi’s method. Analysis Matrix In order to show how data were analyzed, an analysis matrix is presented which include: significant statements pertaining to the phenomenon extracted from the transcriptions. The second column portrays the formulated meaning which eventually emerged from similar patterns that were identified and sewn together during the course of the study. The last column is the pure essence or the themes, which were derived from the meanings through understanding and analyzing the significant statements that were verbalized by the participants. Respondent |Significant Statements |Formulated |T hemes | | | |Meanings | | |A | | | | |B | | | | |C | | | | |D | | | | |E | | | | |F | | | | |G | | | | |H | | | | Rigour Prior to data collection, bracketing and intuiting are two vital principles in Husserlian phenomenology. Bracketing is the first process in phenomenological reduction. It is withholding and suspension of beliefs, judgments, assumptions as well as biases about the lived experience of mothers rearing children with ADHD. On the other hand, intuiting refers to being open to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon to fully grasp the experience as described by the participants (Speigelberg, 1978). The researchers then maintained these two principles from the start of data collection through in-depth conversation with the informants and observation of non-verbal cues until theme clusters were formulated. Other than the use of bracketing and intuiting prior to data collection, supplementary care was also taken to ensure that the analysis would not be biased by the researchers’ acknowledged preconceptions. The most common technique used by Husserlian researchers to ensure that rigour is not compromised due to researcher bias is to â€Å"identify and articulate assumptions prior to data collection and analysis,† (Morse, 1994). The steps of extracting significant statements and creating formulated meanings from the interview protocols were done independently by the researchers. The formulated meanings were modified to accurately reflect the informants’ lived experience. Another research member then scrutinized and validated the researchers’ organization of formulated meanings into themes and their evolution to theme clusters. (Drury, 2001) Data collection and analysis were documented to provide an audit trail. Field notes were kept that summarized the date, time, location, and the subject matter of all meetings between the researchers and their advisers, the research informants, and the colleague who validated the analysis. (Drury, 2001) Conceptual Framework In this qualitative study, the following section (Figure 1) illustrates a diagram that utilized the Husserlian phenomenology and Colaizzi’s method as a way of relating the succeeding methodological interpretation. Ethical Considerations In any discipline that involves research with human beings or animals, researchers must address a range of ethical issues (Polit and Beck, 2008, p. 167). Since this study involved humans as study participants, care was exercised in ensuring that their rights were protected. One of the most fundamental ethical principles in research is that of beneficence, which imposes a duty on researchers to minimize harm and to maximize benefits (Polit and Beck, 2008, p. 170). Since this study concerns human research, it is intended to produce benefits for the participants themselves or a situation that is more common, for other individuals or society as a whole. In this study, researchers had an obligation to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm (nonmaleficence). Participants weren’t subjected to unnecessary risks for harm or discomfort may it be physical, emotional, social, or financial and researchers will use strategies to minimize such. Researchers were also prepared to terminate the research if there was a reason to suspect that continuation would result in undue distress to the study participants. Informed Consent. The principle of self-determination means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate in a study, without risking any penalty or prejudicial treatment (Polit and Beck, 2008, pp. 171-172). One particularly important procedure done be the researchers for safeguarding participants and protecting their right to self-determination involved obtaining their informed consent. Informed consent means that participants have adequate information regarding the research, are capable of comprehending the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily (p. 176). This right to self-determination included freedom from coercion of any type and required careful thought since the researchers had the position of authority, control, or influence over potential participants (purposive sampling). Confidentiality. Appropriate confidentiality procedures were implemented in this study. A promise of confidentiality is a pledge that any information participants provide will not be publicly reported in a manner that identifies them and will not be made accessible to others (Polit and Beck, 2008, p. 180). Any research information gathered from the participants would not be shared with strangers, nor with people known to the participants, unless the participant gives the researcher explicit permission to do so. In research reports, researchers would take considerable precautions to safeguard identities especially because the study comprised less than ten participants. Other than using a fictitious name, researchers would have to slightly distort identifying information or present only general descriptions. Right to Withdraw Without Penalty. Justice connotes fairness and equity, and so one aspect of the justice principle concerns the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens of research (Polit and Beck, 2008, p. 173). The right to fair treatment was exercised through ensuring that researchers treated people who declined to participate in this study or who withdrew from this study after agreeing to participate in a non-prejudicial manner. CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION In this chapter, the results of the data collection and analysis are presented in order for the researchers to gain understanding on the phenomenon of the lived experience of mothers of children who have ADHD- like manifestations. Colaizzi’s framework was utilized in the management and organization of the data gathered in this study. An extensive and meticulous process was accomplished to be able to grasp as accurate as possible the account of the existing phenomenon. The process is carried out in the following outline: Interviews (n=8) v Significant Statements (n= 93) v Formulated Meanings (n=164) v Themes (n=43) v Theme Clusters (n=8) v Exhaustive description of the phenomenon v Member Check Colaizzi’s Methodological Interpretation: 1. Each research informant’s verbatim transcript is read to acquire a sense of the whole; The researchers gathered data with the use of audio recording as a means of accurate and convenient way of documentation. Documentation included verbatim responses or verbal cues which the respondents articulated during interview. The interview contained the primary question, â€Å"Pwede nimo masulti kanamo unsa imong kinatibuk-ang experiensya sa pag-akatar sa imong anak nga adunay ADHD? † (Can you describe to us as fully as you can your experience of taking care of a child with ADHD? ) As soon as the interview was over, the researchers listened to the tape-recorded interviews/conversation and checked for its audibility and completeness. Thereafter such, the data were then transcribed verbatim by pairs for analysis. The data were then copied directly to a word processing package that is compliant with the researchers’ computers and/or laptops. Each protocol was read several times, as the audiotape of the interview was replayed, to gain a sense of total content. 2. Significant statements and phrases pertaining to the phenomenon being studied are extracted from each protocol; Significant statements and phrases (n= 94) pertaining to the phenomenon being studied, the lived experience of mothers rearing a child with ADHD, were extracted from each protocol and coded. 3. Meanings are formulated from the significant statements. Identifying the underlying meaning of each significant statements, the researchers were able to come up with the formulated meanings (n=164) coded with the same symbol as the significant statement. The researchers then compared their notes, discussed any discrepancies, and made adjustments. 4. Meanings are organized into themes, and these themes evolve into theme clusters, and eventually into theme categories; The formulated meanings were then sorted into themes (n=43 ). Similar coded themes were then organized into theme clusters (n=8). No further collapsing of data was appropriate and thus richness was contained in the data. 5. These results are integrated into a rich and exhaustive description of the lived experience; From the theme categories, the researchers produced an exhaustive description of the lived experience of these mothers with children who have ADHD manifestations. 6. The essential structure of the phenomenon is formulated; With the exhaustive description derived from this data analysis, the researchers were able to grasp an understanding of this phenomenon. 7. Validation is sought from the research informants to compare the researcher’s descriptive results with their lived experiences. A final validation was undertaken by returning to the research informants and asking them if the researchers’ description validated their own experiences. The results were congruent with what the participants wanted to imply and were all amenable to the participant’s experiences. Theme Clusters DENIAL Denial is an ego defense mechanism wherein an individual refuses to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it (Townsend, 2005). Reality here is either completely disregarded or transformed so that it is no longer threatening. It is primarily used to protect the person from immediate impact of a situation that might otherwise cause intolerable pain if consciously acknowledged. In this case, denial was used by the mothers to temporarily isolate themselves from the reality that their child has a disorder especially in the early phase of awareness. This is exhibited in the example statements of Mothers A C: Mother A, Significant Statement 3: I still couldn’t accept at first that my son had some kind of disability. (Dili pa ko kadawat atong una na akong anak naay deprensya. ) Mother C, Significant Statement 26: I said to myself, â€Å"he’s okay. † (Ana ko sa akong kaugalingon, â€Å"okay rana siya. †) In these sample statements, the mothers were able to avoid emotional conflicts by refusing to acknowledge the condition of their child. INEXPERIENCE Inexperience is defined as the lack of experience that would lead to an increase in knowledge or skill (Encarta, 2007). It is also stated in Webster Comprehensive Dictionary (1992) as the lack of knowledge gained from experience. In the context of this study, the mother is forced into new waters. She is faced with the challenge of raising an ADHD child without prior exposure or experience. Rearing an ADHD child is not an easy task as Mother B and H said respectively: Mother B, Significant Statement 1: At first, I totally don’t understand him. He is so restless and I do not know what to do to make him stay put. I don’t understand why he was acting unlike the others. (Wala gyud ko kasabot niya sauna ug ngano ing-ana iya nilihokan na lahi sa uban. Sige ug lihok, kiat kaayo. Makaguol, dili ko kahibalo unsaon siya nga mapuyo. ) Mother H, Significant Statement 89: It’s tiring. I want to cry at first because I didn’t know, I had no experience raising a child with that condition. (Kapoy. Kahilakon ko anang una kay di man ko hibalo wa man koy experience anang galam ug bata nga naa anang kondisyona. ) The mothers’ lack of experience in dealing with the demands of the situation puts them at a disadvantage but was able to overcome such as are now dealing comfortably their children with such disorder. The researcher further supports the development of this theme cluster in relation to the article in the journal Child: Health, Care and Development. The results of the article by Maniadaki, et al. 2006) entitled â€Å"Parental beliefs about the nature of ADHD behaviours and their relationship to referral intentions in preschool children† showed that almost half of the parents who reported ADHD behaviors in their own child replied that they had never met a child exhibiting such behaviours. T he researchers concluded that parents whose preschool child displays ADHD behaviours tend to perceive them as normal developmental patterns and may suspend the referral of the child. BURDEN/HARDSHIP Encarta (2009) defines burden as an experience that is painful or distressing. To be burdened is to be in a place or in a situation which is hard to deal with, a load of hardships entailed with suffering, difficulty, and loss. The situation became burdensome for the mother who has to exert an extra effort to care for her child who has ADHD. Strahm (2008) in his study entitled â€Å"Parents’ experience raising a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)† aimed to measure family functioning and parenting stress with parents raising a child with and without ADHD. Results showed that parents in the ADHD group had significantly higher parenting stress compared to the typical group. The findings suggest that although ADHD has a significant impact on family relationships and stress, parents work hard to maintain a positive environment for their children with ADHD. In addition, the article â€Å"The experiences of primary caregivers raising school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder† by Lin, et al. (2009) showed that there are different types of burdens of caring. These are parenting burdens, emotional burdens and family conflicts. During the course the researchers’ in depth interview, it was found out that taking care of children with ADHD entails the mother to face burdens and difficulties in development, education, and discipline. Lack of resources exacerbated the situation posing a hindrance in finding ways to transcend the difficulties in rearing a child wit How to cite Adhd, Essay examples ADHD Free Essays

Governance and Related Theories like CSR †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Governance and Related Theories like CSR? Answer: Introduction: Corporate governance has emerged as an important area which draws theories from several areas like stakeholder theory and CSR. The assignment is study of corporate governance in the light of Bunnings Warehouse as an example. The first section discusses the theories and related concepts of corporate governance. The next section deals with the key figures and the impact of them on Bunnings in case of labour wage issue. The last section has contextual factors and their impact on the company. The defination of corporate governance: Corporate governance can be defined as the rules, policies and practices according to which companies operate. Corporate governance aims towards controlling the ways organisations function to meet the requirements of the different stakeholders like management, employees, shareholders, customers and government bodies. The companies today act in way to maximise the value of the wealth of stakeholders. Their operations, revenues, profits, market positions and so on impact the stakeholders. Thus, this group manages operations of the companies closely so that they can meet their demands. For example, the government bodies frame laws according to which companies should act. The employees see that the company earn high revenue and their compensations increase. The consumers want high quality goods at affordable prices. The companies are social members which necessitates them to contribute towards social development. The investors who invest in the capital of the companies want them to earn more profit and pay them more dividends on their investment. The management of Bunning should try to benefit the stakeholders including its employees and management (Ayuso et al., 2014). Defination of stakeholders: The stakeholders are the groups which have strong impact on the operations of the organisations and are impacted by them in return. The stakeholders consists of key stakeholders like governments and financial institutions, customers, suppliers and shareholders. The competitors today have profound impact on each others policies and are counted as stakeholders. The stakeholders have so important impact on the organisations today that they are parts of the stakeholders theory which is discussed later. Concepts of corporate governance: The concepts of corporate governance as discussed emphasises on responsible operation of the companies to meet stakeholders requirements. The companies are also needed to act in responsible ways so as to bring about social developments being responsible members of the society. They are again required to earn profit and maximise the capital of the investors. Thus, the theories relating to corporate governance embrace theories relating to stakeholders, shareholders and corporate social responsibilities. Corporate scandals and unethical practices have resulted in dissolution of hundreds of companies. This has led to growth of the expectations of the society that the firms should act in legitimate and ethical ways to maximise the shareholders fund and protect stakeholders interests. This strongly points out that corporate governance is heavily dependent on stakeholders interest and CSR (Chan, Watson Woodliff, 2014). Bunnings Warehouse should act towards benefitting the stakeholders and meeting the expectations of them. Here, the company is not paying its employees who are important internal stakeholders. It should increase the wages of the employees and not only concentrate on capital maximisation of the shareholders. The theories of corporate governance: The corporate governance theory: According to Mason and Simmons (2014) corporate governance is the creation and application of modes of operations to bring about capital maximisation of the shareholders and satisfying the legitimate demands of the stakeholders. The theory of corporate governance is an attempt to look at organisational functions in a way that meet the demands of both the investors and the stakeholders. The vast literature on corporate governance shows that institutional investors prefer corporate governance of the companies before financing them. It is a well known fact that the big companies like Bunning are dependent on institutional investors for their funds. The theory of corporate governance necessitates companies to act in ways to benefit stakeholders as well. This helps in creation of goodwill of the companies which attract both revenue from consumers and investment from investors (McCahery, Sautner Starks, 2016). The stakeholders theory: The stakeholders theory as discussed by Harrison, Freeman de Abreu (2015) states that all firms have to maintain healthy relationship with stakeholders which reciprocate the firms by generating revenue for them. For example, the investors get high return and inject more investors, the customers get high quality products at affordable rates and buy products again and again and so on. The importance of the stakeholders theory lies in the fact the firms and the stakeholders are capable of affecting each other growth. The theory aims to harness the positive attitude from stakeholders to fulfil the organisational goals. It helps the firms to sustain through complex and turbulent economic situations because stakeholders have the power to help the firms to tide over challenging situations. Firms which have positive relations with stakeholders have more capability to face market challenges (Mitchell et al., 2015). The theory of shareholders: The shareholder theory states that business organisations should work towards maximisation of wealth of the shareholders. The theory emphasises on increasing the value of cash flow of the shareholders instead of spending resources in supporting unprofitable charities. The theory of corporate social responsibilities: The theory of corporate social responsibilities states that the organisations are members of the society and should work in responsible ways to benefit the society. The shareholders theory states that the organisations should solely act towards profit maximisation of the shareholders. However it has been pointed out that organisations like Bunnings should not be profit earning machines but responsible corporate citizens. Following CSR creates stronger image of the organisations which generate higher revenue and profit the shareholders in the end. CSR helps the companies to contribute towards social development activities like providing vocational training to people in villages. They according to the practitioners should be more responsible because they obtain their resources from the society itself. The customers who generate revenue and suppliers who provide raw materials to them are part of the society (Tai Chuang, 2014). Specific Contextual factor, key details and its impact on Bunnings Warehouse: Specific contextual factor: The contextual factor in the study is low wages to labour at the Bunnings Warehouse, the Australian hardware company based in Victoria, Australia. The company is present in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The factor is very serious because the employees it affects the morale and motivation of the workers. The workers have emerged as one of the key elements to achieve strategic management of operations and competitive advantage. Key details: The employees are among the internal stakeholders whose motivation is very critical to the very success of the organisations. A newspaper article from one of the most circulated Australian dailies gives key details on low wage rate in Australia (Lannin, 2017). The article highlights the misery of the workers in Australia due to low wage rate. The employees play crucial role in strategic management of operations. They use their talents and expertise to work in a way so that the companies can gain competitive advantage. Low wages will affect the motivation of the employees that will affect their very performance. It will in the long run affect the competitive advantage of the company. The main competitors of the company are Home Timbers and Hardware, Mitre 10 and the other small retailers. Hence, it is evident that Bunnings should raise the wages of its employees (Pearce, 2014). Impact on Bunning Warehouse: The issue in the report is low wages at the Bunnings which will have deep impact on it. Burbano (2016) in his work state that wages are parts of the corporate social responsibility pointing out to the significance of legitimate wages for the labourers. Connelly et al., (2016) in their work state that disparity between the top level manager compensation and the lower level worker has been on the rise. These two literary sources clearly point out the low wages are rampant in industries even today. The employee as pointed out in the stakeholders theory and the previous discussion are internal stakeholders. They are the ones who actually work towards the companies growth by executing operations. Hence, wage issue will like deter their motivation that will affect their efficiency. This will result in fall in performance which will have negative impact on the production and the revenue generated from it. Labour issues can affect Bunning in long and short run. There have been instances when the employees have stalled production in demand of wages causing short term loss of revenue. Such protests will attract trade union involvement that will challenge the very decision making power of the management (Elfstrom Kuruvilla, 2014). Low and illegitimate wages will attract dire long term consequences which may endanger the very existence of the Bunning. As discussed and pointed out government is one of the most important stakeholders which makes laws and takes action to see that the law is enforced. The Fair Work Act 2009 and the Fair Work Regulations 2009 provide for minimum legitimate wages and working conditions to workers (fairwork.gov.au, 2017). It is evident Bunning is doing illegal and unethical activities by not paying proper wages. Such illegal actions will attract government intervention and penalty charges imposed by the latter. The international organisations like the European Union may also take steps against the company since it has operations in Britain, a part of Europe (Schulten Mller, 2015). This will result in hamper of goodwill and eroding of capital of the company in the long run that will affect the capital maximisation of the shareholders. The company due to its newly acquired negative ima ge loose customers and investors which will stir its financial and competitive strength. Major domestic and international contextual factors and their impact on the company: Domestic factor and its impact: Increase in wages: The management of Bunning should increase the wages of the workers to avoid government and trade unions. This will have positive impact on the short and long run goals of the company. First, increase in wages will increase the motivation of the employees which will push up performance. As pointed previously wages are considered a part of CSR, hence by legitimating wages the company will be upholding its social responsibilities. This will help the company to better its image so important to attract investment from shareholders and revenue from customers. International factor and its impact: Expansion into new markets: The management should expand its operations into new markets which will help it to earn more revenue. This will help the company to diversify the financial crisis in Australia and pay its employees better wages. The impact of international expansion will result in bettering of competitive advantages of the company. Conclusion: It can be summed up that corporate governance embraces the stakeholders, shareholders and the CSR theories. The subject expands beyond mere profit motives and shareholder benefit expanding towards a bigger and stronger image building. Bunnings should increase the wages of its employees if it wants to grow in the market and avoid legal actions from the government. References: Ayuso, S., Rodrguez, M. A., Garca-Castro, R., Ario, M. A. (2014). Maximizing stakeholders interests: An empirical analysis of the stakeholder approach to corporate governance.Business society,53(3), 414-439. Burbano, V. C. (2016). Social responsibility messages and worker wage requirements: Field experimental evidence from online labor marketplaces.Organization Science,27(4), 1010-1028. Chan, M. C., Watson, J., Woodliff, D. (2014). Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), 59-73. Connelly, B. L., Haynes, K. T., Tihanyi, L., Gamache, D. L., Devers, C. E. (2016). Minding the gap: Antecedents and consequences of top management-to-worker pay dispersion.Journal of Management,42(4), 862-885. Elfstrom, M., Kuruvilla, S. (2014). The changing nature of labor unrest in China.ILR Review,67(2), 453-480. Harrison, J. S., Freeman, R. E., de Abreu, M. C. S. (2015). Stakeholder Theory As an Ethical Approach to Effective Management: applying the theory to multiple contexts.Revista Brasileira de Gesto de Negcios,17(55), 858. Lannin, S. (2017). Wage growth remains at record lows. ABC News. Retrieved 12 May 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-22/wage-growth-remains-at-record-lows/8293704 Mason, C., Simmons, J. (2014). Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), 77-86. McCahery, J. A., Sautner, Z., Starks, L. T. (2016). Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance. Mitchell, R. K., Van Buren, H. J., Greenwood, M., Freeman, R. E. (2015). Stakeholder inclusion and accounting for stakeholders.Journal of Management Studies,52(7), 851-877. Pearce, J. A. (2014). Why domestic outsourcing is leading America's reemergence in global manufacturing.Business Horizons,57(1), 27-36. Schulten, T., Mller, T. (2015). European economic governance and its intervention in national wage development and collective bargaining.Divisive Integration: The Triumph of Failed Ideas in EuropeRevisited. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117. Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website. (2017). Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved 12 May 2017, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/legislation

In The Peace Settlement Germany Was Forced To Accept Sole Essays

In the peace settlement Germany was forced to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I. This was a totally justifiable demand on the part of the victorious powers. The Treaty of Versailles was enacted into history in June 1919 with Germany forced to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I. Since then there has been considerable debate concerning the war but even today historians still cannot fully agree upon the causes. Some support has been given to the theory that Germany was totally responsible for the war however substantial evidence does not support that view. Therefore the insistence by the victorious powers to include in the Treaty that Germany accept total blame cannot be justified. This essay examines certain events and actions prior to the July crisis. These caused tension and hostility among nations but did not have a direct bearing upon the war. Also it has been determined that there were decisions and courses of action taken by several nations following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne which did have a direct bearing upon World War I. Development of political and military alliances caused tension and hostility among nations leading up to World War I. Two major alliance systems developed due to conflicting national interests which had been evident during the past two decades throughout Europe. These were the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. Also several smaller countries became indirectly involved in the alliances which effectively divided Europe into two Armed Camps. Russia pledged to support Serbia in order to prevent further Austrian-Hungarian expansion into the Balkans. Germany stated its support for Austria-Hungary and Britain had given its support for Belgiums 2. neutrality in 1839. However while these political and military alliances existed there is no direct evidence to indicate that any nation declared war on that basis. There had been several crisis during the period 1905-1913. First the Moroccan crisis involving France and Germany during 1905 and 1911. No wars eventuated only tensions and fears regarding Germanys aggressive expansionist policies. Britain supported France being involved in Morocco and France conceded some territory in the Congo to Germany. Second the 1908 Balkans crisis eventuated because of the collapse of the Ottoman [Turkish] Empire. Austria-Hungary annexed the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Serbia was insensed and sought Russian assistance. Germany became involved and Russia backed down. Finally two wars developed in the Balkans. The first Balkan war [1912] was between Turkey and the Balkan League [Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece] with Turkey being driven out of the Balkans. The second Balkan war [1913] occurred between Bulgaria and Serbia/Greece. Winning this war strengthened Serbs position and this gave Austria-Hungary concern regarding its influence in the Balkans. The main significance of the Balkan wars was the position of Britain and France placing restraint on Russia and Germany restraining Austria-Hungary. This did not happen with the July crisis of 1914 which resulted in World War I. [Condron - The Making of the Modern World] Also the two Balkan wars resulted in renewed antagonism between Bulgaria and the other Balkan states especially Serbia and caused general dissatisfaction because of the interference of the great powers in Balkan politics.[Grolier - World War I]. Evidence does support that while the various events discussed did not contribute directly to World War I they did indeed contribute to extreme tensions and suspicions between the great powers and certainly fueled the arms race which in effect prepared nations for the total disaster that was to follow the July crisis. The arms race which mainly involved Britain and Germany began in 1896 when Germany took the decision to significantly expand its navy. This intense competition which developed created significant tensions between nations. The intensity to expand was further fueled following each major crisis which developed during the period 1905-1913. Britain hardened its position towards Germany. The arms race also extended to other areas such as the expansion and modernization of armies. Evidence suggests that due to the large increase in expenditure on navies and armies together with 3. transport and equipment Britain and the European nations were in fact preparing for a war that they knew would eventuate at some stage. Germany ignited the arms race with its aim to develop a navy two thirds the size of Britains to protect the vulnerable North Sea and possibly through the fear of encirclement but evidence supports that Britain led the arms race and thus this action contributed significantly towards the carnage and destruction that resulted from World War I. The assassination of Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary occurred on the 28

The Pirate Bay Case Study Essays

The Pirate Bay Case Study Essays The Pirate Bay Case Study Essay The Pirate Bay Case Study Essay Keywords: advertisement, copyright, digital, file sharing, piracy, The Pirate Bay The Pirate Bay (TPTB) is an online directory of digital content, founded in 2003, that allows users to search, download and contribute magnet links and torrent files, which enables peer-to-peer file sharing. In 2009, the websites four founders were found guilty in Sweden for facilitating copyright infringement and sentenced each to one year in prison and payment of $3. 5 million in restitution to the plaintiffs (major record label firms). Some countries have required Internet service providers to block access to the website. In return, proxies have been able to provide access to the website. TPTB is appealing the court judgment and has yet to pay any fines or serve any time in jail. In 2011, the firm moved its servers to an unknown location in Sweden, as well as dispersing several copies in other countries (Lauded Travel, 2013). The global internet world is riddled with file sharing sites like The Pirate Bay, they operate by inducing, enabling and encouraging users to share music and other forms of copyrighted content without the permission of the copyright holder. This unlawful exchange of copyright material falls supranational on U. S. Companies, stockholders and employees, as well as on federal, State and local governments. In return the U. S. Government, European Union as well as several other countries are working to fortify intellectual property protection laws. Is it possible for The Pirate Bay and other file sharing services to endure even with consequences of large fines and imprisonment (for both site owners and users)? Perhaps more importantly, will new media platforms with the support of copyright owners be enough to discourage users from partaking and procuring pirated trials? The Impact of Piracy In 2007, The Institute for policy Innovation released a report stating that piracy of sound recordings has resulted in $12. 5 billion dollars in losses to the U. S. Economy annually (more staggering, $20. 5 billion to the movie industry); $422 million in lost federal, state and local tax revenue annually; 71 ,060 lost jobs; and $2 billion in lost wages to American workers (Seek, 2007). Today industry revenues from digital formats continue to cultivate, exceeding $4 billion for the first time in 2012, and attaining nearly $4. Billion in 201 3 while counting for 64% of industry revenues, digital music theft has been a major factor behind the degeneration in sales within the last 15 years (decline of 53%). Despite the decrease in the use of peer-to-peer sites in recent years, other formats of digital theft have been emerging, comprising of unsanctioned digital storage lockers used to allocate copyrighted music, streamlining programs, and mobile applications that ass ist digital content theft (ARIA 2015). More recent studies held by the Recording Industry Association of America show that from 2004 to 2009 alone, around 30 billion ones were illegally downloaded on file-sharing networks, like The Pirate Bay; only 37% of music acquired in the U. S. In 2009 was legally paid for; digital theft of music, movies and other copyrighted content takes up 24% of global Internet bandwidth and 17. 5% of the U. S. Bandwidth; and digital storage locker downloads makes up for 7% of all Internet traffic, while 91% of the links found on them were from copyrighted material, and 10% of those links were to music specifically (ARIA 2015). Combating Piracy The U. S. Government has increased its focus (and encouraged other entries) on endorsing stricter laws such as Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property (Protect IP Act). Inopportunely, these firmer legislations come with their disparager. The European social and political movement, civil liberties groups as well Google, Yahoo, Faceable and several other large Web Companies vie that these proposed laws prohibit the free effort of information and would result in Internet censorship. Critics believe that both bills are exceedingly broad and generally only serve in the interests of Hollywood and the U. S. Music industry. While they agree that new enforcement implements are necessary to combat rogue websites devoted to copyright infringement and counterfeiting, they say the proposed bills go too far (Fijian, 201 1). The challenge ascends with how to find an equilibrium among the rights of one person against anothers. Along with amplified legislation, many governments are taking a sturdier place on intellectual property theft and aggressively prosecuting organizers of illegal downloading. This can be seen within the rulings and sentencing of The Pirate Bay founders. More recently, Limier founder, Mark Gorton, who was found guilty of copyright infringement in 2011 and fined $105 million (Lauded T rave, 2013). Despite the threats of fines and imprisonment, file sharing sites are still flourishing even more than before. Regardless of legalities, these sites are able to entice advertising dollars from top blue chip brands like Allocate, Chevrolet, Target, McDonalds, and Dominos (Johnson, 2014). The Digital Citizens Alliance conducted a study reporting that 30% of large websites that traffic heavily in infringing media array ads for these premium brands. Thirty of the largest content sharing Sites are generating upwards of $227 million annually in ad revenue, while the smaller sites are generating around $100,000 annually (Benson, 2014). This report also showed that these sites that yield wholly from advertising averaged $4. 4 million, with the most heavily trafficked Bitterroot and POP sites producing 36 million. The lesser sites earned more than $100,000 in ad revenue. With profit margins for these sites ranging between 80% and 94%, it appears crime does pay (Benson, 2014). So long as there is money to be dad, file sharing sites like The Pirate Bay will continue to subsist. The Shift Technology platform owners and distributors such as Apple, Amazon and Google, with the aid and backing of intellectual property owners, have chosen to address the transferal from physical to digital format. Platform owners offer consumers instantaneous and inexpensive access to a multitude of digital content while warranting content owners are remunerated for their work. Benefits for consumers also lay in the ability to acquire a better quality product than could be found in a POP software download. Apples tunes has men the leader in digital content sales since its origination in 1998. In 2013, Apple announced that more than 25 billion songs had been downloaded from the tunes Store (Apple, 2013). Regardless of recurrent moderate price increases, consumers still continue to utilize the mobile and internet site. Notably, these sites offer easy integration of purchases to the user devices. As well as, more and more digital stores are inflowing the market as a means of attaining a portion of the digital download pie, which in return provides consumers more choices. Websites like Google Play, Amazon Prime and Nettling make efforts to distinguish themselves by posing a monthly or yearly membership that permits users access to unlimited instant streaming for a flat fee. Many of these platform technology owners are offering cloud computing which provides users to lease disk space to store music and other digital content. Users can then access this data anywhere, at any time without having to download it onto a device. Which these technology in itself is rapidly turning into its own competitive market (Mesenteric, 2015).